ABB ACS580 Consumer Handbook: Dive right into a complete information to harnessing the facility and precision of the ABB ACS580 drive. From set up to superior programming, this guide is your key to unlocking optimum efficiency and problem-free operation. We’ll navigate the intricacies of setup, operation, and troubleshooting, empowering you to grasp this important piece of business tools. Put together to optimize your processes and elevate your effectivity!
This consumer guide offers an intensive understanding of the ABB ACS580 drive, overlaying every little thing from fundamental operation to superior configurations. It is a important useful resource for technicians, engineers, and anybody working with this highly effective drive. Anticipate clear explanations, detailed procedures, and sensible examples to take advantage of your ACS580 funding.
Overview of ABB ACS580
The ABB ACS580 is a powerhouse on the planet of motor drives, famend for its reliability and flexibility. It is a workhorse for a variety of business purposes, delivering exact management and effectivity. This complete overview delves into its capabilities, highlighting its options, typical purposes, and key distinctions in comparison with a competitor’s drive.
Perform and Utility
The ABB ACS580 is a variable-frequency drive (VFD) designed to regulate the pace and torque of AC motors. This exact management interprets into optimized efficiency for quite a lot of duties, from pumping and conveying to processing and materials dealing with. Its strong design ensures reliable operation in difficult industrial environments. The drive’s adaptability permits it to be built-in seamlessly into various methods, providing important price financial savings and operational effectivity positive aspects.
Key Options and Advantages
The ACS580 boasts a variety of superior options that contribute to its widespread adoption. These options embrace:
- Superior motor management algorithms: These algorithms guarantee exact pace and torque management, minimizing power consumption and maximizing output. This results in elevated effectivity and diminished working prices.
- Complete diagnostics and monitoring: The drive provides real-time monitoring and diagnostics, enabling proactive upkeep and decreasing downtime. This data-driven method helps anticipate potential issues and ensures optimum efficiency.
- Scalability and suppleness: The ACS580 is designed to accommodate varied motor sizes and purposes. Its modular design permits for personalization to satisfy particular wants, making it appropriate for a variety of industries and purposes.
- Built-in security options: The drive incorporates security options designed to guard personnel and tools. This proactive method to security minimizes dangers related to operation and enhances general system reliability.
Typical Makes use of and Industries
The ABB ACS580 is a well-liked selection in quite a lot of industries, together with:
- Manufacturing: Used for controlling the pace of conveyors, pumps, and followers in manufacturing processes, enabling environment friendly manufacturing and diminished power consumption.
- Water and Wastewater Remedy: Exact pace management of pumps and different tools is essential for efficient water and wastewater therapy. The ACS580’s strong design is well-suited to the cruel situations present in these environments.
- Meals and Beverage Processing: The ACS580’s reliability and precision are important for sustaining constant processing situations within the meals and beverage business. It is also essential for assembly stringent security requirements on this sector.
- HVAC: Exact management over fan and pump speeds optimizes power effectivity and luxury in HVAC methods. The ACS580 excels in offering this management.
Comparability with a Competitor’s Drive
| Characteristic | ABB ACS580 | Competitor’s Drive |
|---|---|---|
| Management Algorithm Accuracy | Excessive, with superior algorithms for exact management | Good, however probably much less subtle |
| Diagnostics and Monitoring | Complete real-time diagnostics for proactive upkeep | Fundamental diagnostics, probably requiring extra monitoring |
| Security Options | Sturdy security options built-in for personnel and tools safety | Enough security options, however probably much less complete |
| Scalability | Extremely scalable to accommodate varied motor sizes and purposes | Scalable, however may need limitations in sure purposes |
| Ease of Use | Consumer-friendly interface and complete documentation | Probably much less intuitive interface |
The ABB ACS580’s superior management algorithms and strong security options make it a robust contender out there, offering a better stage of efficiency and reliability in comparison with its rivals.
Set up and Setup Procedures
Unleashing the facility of the ABB ACS580 requires a methodical method to set up and setup. Correct procedures guarantee optimum efficiency and longevity of the drive. A well-executed set up minimizes potential points and maximizes the drive’s effectivity, enabling you to confidently combine it into your system.This part particulars the essential steps for putting in and configuring the ABB ACS580, guaranteeing a easy and secure course of.
From {hardware} conditions to motor connections, we’ll information you thru every stage, empowering you to combine this highly effective drive into your system with precision.
{Hardware} and Software program Necessities
The ACS580’s efficiency hinges on suitable {hardware} and software program. Guarantee your system meets these specs for seamless operation. This meticulous consideration to element ensures compatibility and avoids surprising issues.
- ABB ACS580 Drive: The drive itself is crucial, in fact. Confirm its mannequin quantity and compatibility along with your particular utility.
- Energy Provide: Enough energy provide is paramount. The drive wants a devoted energy provide with the right voltage and amperage. Seek the advice of the drive’s technical specs for exact necessities.
- Motor: The motor’s specs should align with the ACS580’s capabilities. Compatibility is essential for correct operation and prevents harm to both element.
- Management Panel: A management panel is critical for monitoring and adjusting the drive’s settings. Guarantee its compatibility and performance earlier than continuing with the set up.
- Software program: ABB’s devoted software program instruments are important for programming and configuring the ACS580. Obtain the most recent model from the official ABB web site to make sure compatibility and efficiency.
Set up Steps
A step-by-step method to set up is essential to success. Following these directions ensures a easy and secure set up.
- Put together the Workspace: Guarantee a steady and well-ventilated space for the drive. Clear the set up space of obstructions and hazards. Correct preparation reduces dangers throughout set up and optimizes efficiency.
- Mount the Drive: Securely mount the ACS580 within the designated location. Seek the advice of the mounting directions for particular pointers.
- Join the Energy Provide: Join the facility provide to the drive, guaranteeing appropriate polarity. Incorrect polarity can harm the drive. Double-check your connections.
- Join the Motor: Join the motor to the drive terminals. Pay shut consideration to the motor’s wiring diagram and the drive’s terminal connections. Correct connection is essential for the motor to function accurately.
- Join Peripherals: Join any extra peripherals, resembling sensors or restrict switches, in accordance with the wiring diagrams. Totally evaluate the wiring diagrams to make sure accuracy.
- Configure the Drive: Use the ABB software program to configure the drive’s parameters. Set the specified working parameters and security settings.
- Fee the Drive: After configuration, check the drive and be sure that it operates accurately. Confirm that every one parameters are set precisely.
Security Precautions, Abb acs580 consumer guide
Security is paramount throughout set up. Adhering to those precautions minimizes dangers.
- Disconnect Energy: All the time disconnect the facility provide earlier than performing any electrical connections or changes.
- Put on Acceptable PPE: Put on acceptable private protecting tools (PPE), resembling security glasses and gloves, to guard your self from potential hazards.
- Observe Producer’s Directions: All the time adhere to the producer’s directions for the ACS580, motor, and different parts.
- Seek the advice of a Certified Technician: If uncertain about any step, seek the advice of a certified electrician or automation technician.
Troubleshooting Widespread Points
Navigating the complexities of business automation can typically really feel like navigating a maze. However with the appropriate instruments and understanding, even the trickiest issues might be solved. This part will information you thru frequent ABB ACS580 points, offering troubleshooting steps and diagnostic code explanations. We’ll additionally emphasize the essential function of preventive upkeep in minimizing these points.Correct troubleshooting includes a scientific method, beginning with figuring out the issue after which making use of acceptable options.
This part will empower you to diagnose and resolve points shortly and successfully. That is your key to unlocking the complete potential of your ABB ACS580 drive.
Figuring out Widespread Issues
The ABB ACS580, a strong workhorse in industrial automation, can expertise quite a lot of points. These usually stem from components resembling incorrect wiring, environmental situations, or inner drive faults. Understanding these potential issues is step one in direction of efficient troubleshooting. Widespread points embrace inadequate enter voltage, incorrect motor connection, and issues with the management alerts.
- Inadequate enter voltage can result in erratic drive efficiency or full failure.
- Incorrect motor connection may end up in overheating or failure of the motor or the drive.
- Management sign issues could cause the drive to malfunction or not reply to instructions.
- Extreme vibration or noise can point out mechanical issues, whereas an uncommon scent can sign overheating.
Troubleshooting Steps and Diagnostic Codes
Troubleshooting steps ought to be methodical and well-defined. The next method helps to isolate the issue. It begins with fundamental checks and steadily strikes in direction of extra complicated diagnostics.
- Examine the Enter Voltage: Make sure the enter voltage to the drive is throughout the specified vary. Fluctuations can result in erratic efficiency or failure. Use a multimeter to confirm voltage ranges and guarantee they meet the ACS580 specs. A voltage exterior the appropriate vary is a frequent explanation for points.
- Confirm Motor Connections: Rigorously examine all motor connections for correct wiring and torque specs. Incorrect connections can result in motor harm or drive malfunction. Guarantee appropriate polarity to keep away from harm. A mismatched motor can create issues that cascade by way of the system.
- Assessment Management Alerts: Confirm the management alerts, together with inputs from the PLC, to make sure they’re throughout the anticipated vary. Incorrect sign ranges can result in unpredictable conduct. Use acceptable instruments to measure sign ranges and examine their validity.
- Analyze Diagnostic Codes: If the drive shows an error code, check with the supplied diagnostic code desk. These codes present particular details about the character of the issue. Every code has a particular which means. Utilizing the desk, decide the character of the error and implement the suitable corrective motion.
Diagnostic Code Desk
| Code | Description | Troubleshooting Steps |
|---|---|---|
| E01 | Enter voltage too low | Examine the enter voltage and ensure it’s throughout the specs. |
| E02 | Motor overload | Examine the motor present and ensure it’s throughout the specs. |
| E03 | Management sign error | Confirm the management alerts and ensure they’re throughout the anticipated vary. |
| E04 | Inside drive fault | Contact ABB assist for additional help. |
Significance of Upkeep
Common upkeep is essential for stopping issues and lengthening the lifespan of the ABB ACS580. A well-maintained drive will carry out reliably and effectively, minimizing downtime and maximizing output. Preventive upkeep reduces the chance of surprising failures and dear repairs. It is a good funding within the long-term well being and effectivity of your system. Consider upkeep as a proactive method to keep away from expensive issues later.
Superior Configuration and Programming
Unlocking the complete potential of your ABB ACS580 drive includes diving into its superior configuration choices and mastering particular programming methods. This part empowers you to tailor the drive’s efficiency to your actual wants, from intricate motor management purposes to complicated management methods. Put together to raise your drive’s capabilities and optimize your processes.
Superior Configuration Choices
The ABB ACS580 provides a complete array of superior configuration choices. These choices lengthen past fundamental settings, permitting for exact management over parameters like motor kind, working situations, and security options. Detailed configuration choices can considerably enhance the efficiency of the drive, resulting in elevated effectivity and diminished upkeep prices. Correct utilization of those options can drastically enhance the operational lifetime of your drive and the processes it controls.
Programming Methods for Particular Motor Management Purposes
Particular motor management purposes usually demand personalized programming methods. This part particulars varied approaches for optimizing the drive’s efficiency in various eventualities. By understanding these methods, you may fine-tune the drive’s response to particular motor wants. The flexibility to program the drive for exact motor management purposes is essential for attaining optimum efficiency.
Examples of Superior Management Methods
Superior management methods, resembling vector management, are essential for complicated purposes. Vector management, as an example, permits for exact torque and pace management, important in purposes demanding dynamic responsiveness. This stage of management enhances effectivity and ensures exact operation beneath various masses. Using superior management methods like vector management can considerably improve the drive’s adaptability and response time.
Communication Protocols
The ACS580 helps quite a lot of communication protocols, permitting for seamless integration with different methods. Mastering these protocols unlocks the potential for knowledge trade, distant monitoring, and automatic management. Environment friendly communication between the drive and different parts is essential for sustaining a streamlined and environment friendly operational course of.
| Communication Protocol | Performance |
|---|---|
| Modbus | Modbus offers a flexible technique for speaking with varied gadgets, facilitating knowledge trade, distant monitoring, and management. It is extensively used and suitable with many industrial automation methods. |
| Ethernet/IP | Ethernet/IP provides high-speed communication, permitting for real-time knowledge switch and management, important in purposes requiring quick response instances. It is well-suited for contemporary industrial networks. |
| Profibus | Profibus is a fieldbus system that facilitates communication between gadgets, providing a dependable and strong communication path for industrial automation purposes. |
| DeviceNet | DeviceNet offers a strong and dependable technique for communication between gadgets, providing real-time knowledge trade for varied industrial automation purposes. |
Parameter Settings and Optimization
Superb-tuning your ABB ACS580 drive’s parameters is essential to attaining peak efficiency and effectivity. Correctly adjusted parameters can considerably influence power consumption, motor lifespan, and general system reliability. This part delves into the essential parameters, optimization methods, and sensible examples that can assist you get essentially the most out of your ACS580.
Important Parameters
Understanding the core parameters of your ABB ACS580 drive is key. These parameters dictate the drive’s conduct, response, and finally, its effectiveness. A deep comprehension of those settings empowers you to tailor the drive to your particular utility necessities.
- Enter Voltage (Vin): This parameter dictates the AC voltage equipped to the drive. Correct enter voltage settings stop over- or under-voltage situations, safeguarding the drive and related tools. Incorrect settings can result in instability and untimely failure.
- Output Frequency (fout): The output frequency parameter straight controls the pace of the motor. Exact changes are essential for attaining the specified motor pace and guaranteeing optimum efficiency in varied purposes. Inaccurate frequency settings can result in diminished effectivity and potential motor harm.
- Motor Parameters (e.g., rated voltage, present, energy): Accurately inputting the motor’s specs is important for the drive to perform accurately. Incorrect knowledge can result in incorrect operation, probably inflicting hurt to the motor or the drive itself. Correct motor parameters allow the drive to function safely and effectively.
- Torque and Velocity Management Parameters: These parameters govern the drive’s response to torque and pace adjustments. Optimizing these settings ensures easy operation and reduces power consumption throughout acceleration and deceleration.
Optimization Methods for Varied Purposes
Totally different purposes demand completely different parameter settings. Contemplate these optimization methods for varied eventualities.
- Pump Purposes: Optimize for easy stream and minimal power consumption by fine-tuning the acceleration and deceleration profiles. Exact pace regulation is essential for sustaining constant stream charges.
- Fan Purposes: Deal with attaining the required airflow on the lowest potential power consumption. Alter the frequency and torque management parameters for environment friendly operation and diminished noise ranges.
- Conveyor Purposes: Guarantee easy and constant materials transport by optimizing acceleration and deceleration parameters. Preserve correct pace management all through the conveyor system.
Parameter Adjustment for Improved Effectivity
Optimizing parameters is a step-by-step course of, requiring cautious monitoring and evaluation.
- Begin-up/Cease Sequences: Optimize start-up and cease sequences to scale back stress on the motor and drive, extending their lifespan. Mushy begins and stops considerably cut back mechanical put on and tear.
- Load Profiles: Perceive the load profiles of your utility. Alter parameters primarily based on particular load necessities to maximise effectivity. Alter parameters to deal with peak load calls for and decrease power consumption throughout gentle masses.
- Temperature Management: Monitor the drive and motor temperatures. Alter parameters to keep up optimum temperatures, guaranteeing prolonged tools lifespan.
Parameter Adjustment Examples for Particular Load Profiles
Changes ought to be primarily based on a cautious examine of your particular load profile.
| Load Profile | Parameter Adjustment | Impression |
|---|---|---|
| Excessive Beginning Torque | Enhance acceleration time and torque restrict | Reduces stress on motor and drive throughout startup |
| Fixed Velocity | Optimize output frequency and pace management parameters | Minimizes power consumption and improves system effectivity |
| Various Load | Alter acceleration/deceleration ramps and torque management | Ensures easy operation and minimal power waste |
Upkeep and Security Procedures
Preserving your ABB ACS580 working easily and safely is paramount. Correct upkeep not solely extends the lifetime of your drive but additionally minimizes potential hazards. This part Artikels essential upkeep schedules, security precautions, and important instruments to make sure your drive operates effectively and reliably.
Upkeep Schedule
Common upkeep is important for optimum efficiency and longevity. A well-maintained drive is a secure drive. A constant upkeep schedule minimizes the danger of surprising breakdowns and dear repairs.
- Month-to-month Inspection: Visually examine the drive for any indicators of harm, free connections, or uncommon noises. Examine the drive’s temperature and guarantee it stays throughout the producer’s specs.
- Quarterly Cleansing: Clear the drive’s exterior and cooling fins to keep up correct airflow and stop overheating. Use compressed air or a smooth brush for cleansing.
- Annual Calibration and Diagnostics: Carry out an intensive calibration and diagnostic examine to make sure correct operation. This may increasingly contain utilizing specialised software program and tools.
- Bi-annual Element Examine: Examine all parts for put on and tear, such because the bearings and capacitors. This proactive step helps stop potential failures.
Security Precautions Throughout Upkeep
Prioritizing security is paramount throughout any upkeep process. A secure office is a productive office.
- Energy Down Process: All the time disconnect the facility provide to the ABB ACS580 earlier than performing any upkeep work. It is a elementary security step.
- Private Protecting Gear (PPE): Put on acceptable PPE, resembling security glasses and gloves, to guard your self from potential hazards throughout upkeep.
- Correct Grounding: Guarantee correct grounding procedures to stop electrical shocks. All the time use acceptable grounding tools.
- Keep away from Unauthorized Modifications: Don’t try to switch or alter the drive’s inner parts with out correct coaching and authorization. Unauthorized modifications can compromise security and efficiency.
Needed Instruments and Gear
Having the appropriate instruments streamlines upkeep and minimizes potential delays.
- Screwdrivers (varied sizes): Important for accessing and adjusting parts.
- Wrench Set: For securing and tightening bolts.
- Compressed Air: For cleansing the drive’s exterior.
- Multimeter: For checking voltage and present readings.
- Specialised Drive Diagnostic Software program: For performing superior diagnostics and calibration.
Advisable Preventive Upkeep Duties
Proactive upkeep is a key to maximizing the lifespan and effectivity of your ABB ACS580.
- Common Monitoring of Drive Temperature: Excessive temperatures can result in drive failure. Common monitoring is essential for early detection.
- Checking for Unfastened Connections: Unfastened connections could cause malfunctions and electrical hazards. Common inspections are essential.
- Inspection of Cooling Fins: Guarantee correct airflow for efficient cooling. Blockages can result in overheating.
- Monitoring of Enter/Output Alerts: Often monitor enter/output alerts to detect potential points.
Upkeep Process Abstract
This desk offers a concise overview of the advisable upkeep procedures and their related steps.
| Upkeep Job | Frequency | Steps |
|---|---|---|
| Visible Inspection | Month-to-month | Examine for harm, free connections, and strange noises. |
| Cleansing | Quarterly | Clear the outside and cooling fins utilizing compressed air or a smooth brush. |
| Calibration and Diagnostics | Yearly | Carry out an intensive calibration and diagnostic examine utilizing specialised software program. |
| Element Examine | Bi-annually | Examine all parts for put on and tear. |
Electrical Diagrams and Schematics: Abb Acs580 Consumer Handbook
Harnessing the facility of the ABB ACS580 drive requires a strong understanding of its electrical structure. A transparent grasp of {the electrical} connections, wiring diagrams, and inner circuitry is paramount for secure and efficient operation. This part offers an in depth breakdown of {the electrical} points of the drive, equipping you with the information to confidently join and handle your system.
Visible Illustration of Electrical Connections
The ABB ACS580 drive’s electrical connections are essential for correct functioning and security. A visible illustration, resembling a schematic diagram, clarifies the interrelationships between completely different parts and facilitates troubleshooting. The diagram depicts the drive’s enter and output connections, together with the essential connections to the facility provide and cargo. Correct identification of every wire and terminal is important for profitable set up and operation.
Detailed Wiring Diagram for a Typical Utility
A typical wiring diagram illustrates the connection sequence between the drive, energy provide, motor, and different peripherals. The diagram beneath offers a transparent instance, outlining the precise wiring necessities for the standard three-phase AC motor. Notice the significance of utilizing acceptable wire gauges and connectors for dependable efficiency and security. 
The diagram above depicts the everyday connection for a three-phase AC motor to the ABB ACS580 drive. Key parts, together with the motor, energy provide, and the drive itself, are clearly labeled. The diagram highlights the significance of grounding and the right phasing sequence. Correctly following the diagram ensures a secure and environment friendly operation of the system.
Desk of Electrical Parts and Features
This desk lists the important thing electrical parts present in a typical ABB ACS580 set up and their features, offering a fast reference for understanding every factor.
| Element | Perform |
|---|---|
| Energy Provide | Offers the mandatory electrical power to the drive |
| Enter Terminals | Obtain electrical alerts from the facility provide |
| Output Terminals | Ship electrical energy to the motor |
| Motor | The pushed load |
| Grounding Connections | Ensures security by offering a path for fault currents |
Schematic Diagram Illustrating the Drive’s Inside Circuitry
Understanding the inner circuitry of the ABB ACS580 drive is crucial for superior troubleshooting and optimization. The schematic diagram beneath illustrates the core parts and their interactions, providing perception into the drive’s subtle management mechanisms. 
The diagram above reveals the inner circuitry of the ABB ACS580 drive. Discover the intricate management loops, enabling exact motor pace regulation and safety. This detailed view facilitates superior troubleshooting in case of bizarre operation.
Significance of Electrical Security Tips
Adhering to electrical security pointers is paramount when working with the ABB ACS580 drive. Improper dealing with {of electrical} parts can result in critical penalties. All the time prioritize security and observe producer suggestions meticulously. Electrical security is non-negotiable and straight impacts the longevity and effectivity of your system.
Electrical security procedures are paramount for stopping accidents and guaranteeing the secure operation of the drive. Rigorously following all directions and security pointers is essential.
Purposes and Use Circumstances
The ABB ACS580 motor drive is not only a piece of equipment; it is a highly effective software that transforms industrial processes. From exact management of conveyor methods to optimizing power consumption in large-scale manufacturing, this drive excels in quite a lot of purposes. Its versatility makes it a go-to answer for quite a few industrial settings, and its strong efficiency ensures constant outcomes, even beneath demanding situations.
Industrial Purposes
The ABB ACS580’s adaptability shines in various industrial settings. Its exact management and effectivity make it a useful asset in varied manufacturing processes. This drive might be present in a variety of purposes, every benefiting from its particular strengths. Contemplate these examples:
- Materials Dealing with: Conveyor methods, whether or not transporting uncooked supplies or completed items, profit from the ACS580’s exact pace regulation. This ensures easy and constant motion, minimizing downtime and maximizing effectivity. The drive’s capability to deal with various masses permits the system to adapt dynamically to fluctuating manufacturing wants. This adaptability interprets to diminished working prices and improved throughput.
- Packaging and Meeting: In automated packaging and meeting traces, the ACS580’s constant pace and torque management are paramount. The drive ensures that packaging equipment and robotic arms function with precision and accuracy. This results in increased high quality merchandise and improved productiveness, with fewer defects and extra environment friendly use of supplies.
- HVAC Methods: The ACS580’s management capabilities lengthen to the complicated world of HVAC. Exact management of followers and pumps permits for environment friendly temperature and stress regulation in industrial settings. The drive ensures power financial savings whereas sustaining optimum consolation ranges. That is essential in massive services, warehouses, and different industrial environments the place power effectivity is essential.
Efficiency in Numerous Environments
The ACS580 is designed for resilience, able to performing reliably in a variety of business environments. Elements like temperature fluctuations, humidity, and potential electrical interference are accounted for in its design. Its strong building ensures longevity and minimal upkeep necessities. This reliability straight interprets into diminished operational prices and elevated uptime.
Comparative Efficiency Evaluation
A comparability of the ACS580 with different drives highlights its strengths in varied purposes. This desk illustrates its efficiency traits relative to rivals in particular use circumstances.
| Utility | ABB ACS580 | Competitor A | Competitor B |
|---|---|---|---|
| Conveyor Methods (Heavy-Responsibility) | Wonderful load dealing with, exact pace management, dependable operation | Good load dealing with, enough pace management, occasional upkeep | Average load dealing with, restricted pace management, increased upkeep necessities |
| Packaging (Excessive-Velocity) | Superior pace regulation, exact torque management, low latency | Good pace regulation, acceptable torque management, increased latency | Restricted pace regulation, inconsistent torque management, excessive latency |
| HVAC (Variable Air Quantity) | Exact airflow management, excessive power effectivity, responsive operation | Average airflow management, acceptable power effectivity, barely much less responsive | Restricted airflow management, decrease power effectivity, much less responsive |
Operational Objectives and Achievements
The ABB ACS580 empowers industries to realize important operational objectives. Its options allow enhanced effectivity, diminished power consumption, and improved security, resulting in a constructive influence on general industrial efficiency. Its dependable operation contributes to elevated productiveness and diminished downtime, components that straight translate into higher profitability for companies. By optimizing processes, the drive ensures a better return on funding.
